The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in 1960 between which countries?

The Indus River system (Indus and its tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) is shared between India and Pakistan.
After Partition in 1947, disputes arose over water sharing, since the rivers flow across both countries.
Treaty Signing:
The treaty was signed on 19 September 1960 in Karachi.
It was brokered by the World Bank to resolve water-sharing conflicts.
Signatories:
Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India.
Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan.
World Bank President Eugene R. Black (as witness).
Key Provisions:
The three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) were allocated to Pakistan.
The three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) were allocated to India.
India can use western rivers for non-consumptive purposes (like irrigation, hydropower, transport), but cannot alter their flow significantly.
A Permanent Indus Commission was established for cooperation and dispute resolution.
Significance:
Despite wars and tensions, the treaty has largely survived, making it one of the most durable water-sharing agreements in the world.
It is often cited as a model for transboundary water cooperation.
In summary: The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, with the World Bank facilitating, to equitably share the waters of the Indus river system.