Which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India talks about equality before law or equal protection of the laws?

Text of Article 14:
“The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.”
Key Concepts:
Equality before law → Every individual, regardless of status, is subject to the same laws.
Originates from the British concept of “Rule of Law.”
Equal protection of the laws → Requires that similar situations be treated alike, ensuring fairness and non-discrimination.
Inspired by the American Constitution’s “Equal Protection Clause.”
Scope:
Applies to all persons (citizens and non-citizens) within India.
Forms the foundation of Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution.
Prevents arbitrary actions by the State and ensures legal uniformity.
Judicial Interpretation:
The Supreme Court has clarified that Article 14 does not mean absolute equality but reasonable classification is permitted, provided it is not arbitrary and has a rational nexus with the objective.
Example: Reservation policies are upheld as valid classifications under Article 14.
Summary: Article